Saturday, August 29, 2015

Reshaping conventional IR theory and what Chinese latrines have got to do with it

What comes to mind thinking of International Relations (IR) as an academic subject?

To be honest, I always considered it a rather dreary affair, trying to figure out state-to-state relations and top-down elite politics.

My bad. The short documentary film 'toilet adventures' (15 min.) by William A. Callahan, for instance, is an outcome of a highly unusual approach to IR research and theory.

Callahan is professor of International Relations at prestigious London School of Economics and Political Science with a focus on China, among other regions.

For this special film project started in 2014 (for others, see here), he interviewed several people from different backgrounds and nationalities about their first experiences in the PR China, entailing the very basic human issue of going to the toilet in foreign surroundings.

In case you are familiar with the China studies business, you might recognize some of the protagonists who were confident enough to take part in this bold experiment.

In his recent article in The China Story Journal (a web-based outlet of the Australian Centre on China in the World at The Australian National University in Canberra), where he presents the video and elaborates on his general take, Callahan notes:
'As well as providing a more nuanced view of reactions to China, toilet adventures raises a set of questions about what counts as knowledge. The film's participants certainly provide plenty of facts to answer the "where", "when", and "how" questions of going to the bathroom in rural China. 
However, even with all these facts on display, the main point is not rational in the sense of providing an "accurate" representation of the PRC. 
Films are interesting because they allow us to appreciate the "affect" of emotional and bodily knowledge: the cringes that we see on participants' faces when they recall coming face-to-face with a dirty, smelly squat toilet for the first time, the uncomfortable laughs provoked when the private becomes public, and the cathartic sighs when the experience is complete.'
I strongly recommend to read the entire article to understand what critical IR & China studies might entail way beyond mainstream research. And now brace yourselves for some serious poop and pee talk.

Tuesday, August 25, 2015

The Chinese in Berlin

Berlin's landmark Brandenburg Gate :: © Stefan Bader

























Walking around in certain neighbourhoods of the German capital these days, chances are you hear a lot more Spanish, French or English than German. Yes, Berlin (official site) is a magnet for international tourists and some parts of it feel and look like a somewhat bizarre adventure playground for youthful hedonism.

Ever-growing numbers of tourists aside, there are also many, especially younger, foreign visitors who decide to stay for good.

The incredible hype about Berlin in the last decade or so has certainly been over the top; nevertheless, it remains an avowed dream destination for the young, hip (whatever that means), well-educated, freedom-loving crowd as the city boasts, not wholly unfounded, of cultural spaces galore, relative tolerance, a thriving start-up scene, a good share of like-minded souls and (still) low costs of living.

But what about the Chinese?

First of all, the Chinese community in Berlin is pretty small in comparison with other big European cities, such as London or Paris.

According to the latest report (pdf in German) by the Statistical Office for Berlin-Brandenburg, the capital city was home to 7,989 officially registered Chinese nationals at the end of 2014 (this number includes residents from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan).

Compare that to the 98,659 persons strong populace of Turkish, 53,304 of Polish or 14,825 of Vietnamese descent.

Don't expect to find anything resembling a genuine Chinatown because there is none. The only area with a substantial cluster of Chinese restaurants, antique dealers and furniture stores, small food shops or practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine is located around Kantstrasse in the old western district of Charlottenburg.

Even the largest Asian Market that houses a plethora of different traders in eastern Lichtenberg, the so-called Dong Xuan Center (link in German), is heavily dominated by the Vietnamese.

This hasn't been always so.

Historically, Berlin had its share of Chinese emigrants as early as the beginning of the 19th century.

The first two of them, the Cantonese Feng Yaxing (also Feng Yasheng) and Feng Yaxue, gained a dubious notoriety when they were being displayed as exotic human exhibition models to a curious, paying 'white' audience in 1823.

Not much is known about the small community in the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. In 1923, more than 1,000 Chinese studied at Berlin's universities, around 200 small traders gathered in the so-called 'Yellow Quarter' and the first sociocultural centers emerged.

It is easily forgotten that many political activists and even luminaries of the Chinese revolution, such as Zhou Enlai or Zhu De, spent some time in the German capital in the 1920s. After the Nazi regime took power, the Chinese population soon became a target for increased control, persecution or worse (for more information in German, see here).

At present, students again make up a large part of the Chinese community, constituting the single biggest group of foreigners enrolled at local universities. According to the latest statistics (pdf in German) by the Statistical Office for Berlin-Brandenburg from June this year, over 2,000 Chinese nationals were registered in total.

The tiny community also includes artists, entrepreneurs, managers, doctors, shopkeepers and, of course, the ubiquitous restaurant owners and their staff. Lately, some of these have become more brazen, daring to confront their customers with authentic cuisine from different regions, thus giving foodies a long-awaited alternative to that dreaded westernized mess that normally goes for Chinese.

As a matter of fact, the majority of the Chinese you presently encounter in the streets of Berlin may actually be tourists. Their number has risen continuously over the last few years as the latest figures (pdf in German) of the Berlin Tourism & Congress GmbH prove (in 2014, there were more than 210,000 overnight stays by visitors from China; that's an increase of 12.5% compared to last year).

This group is highly coveted by the local tourism industry, because Chinese visitors tend to spend quite a lot of money, are known to be picky and very much appreciate services tailored to their specific needs. It's no surprise that high-end designer boutiques and flagship stores are increasingly desperate to find Chinese-speaking sales staff to indulge this free-spending crowd.

Being the capital of Germany, Berlin has attracted a number of institutions and companies over the years. Air China and Bank of China (link in German), for example, both have set up branches at central Leipziger Platz.

In November 2011, tech giant Huawei (link in German) was the first Chinese company to formally establish an office in the capital city. There is also a regional branch of The German-Chinese Business Association that is active in promoting business relations with China, although Berlin and the surrounding federal state of Brandenburg are hardly the most important hubs for economic cooperation and mutual investment across Germany.

Official China is not only represented by the Embassy of the PR China (link in German), but the country has also installed the Chinese Cultural Centre Berlin (link in German) that is funded by the Ministry of Culture and enjoys the same status as the German Goethe-Institut abroad.

In addition, Berlin boasts of the very first Confucius Institute (link in German) founded in Germany, a cooperation between Freie Universität Berlin (Free University of Berlin) and Peking University, that opened its doors as early as 2006.

More or less official activities aside, there is a small bunch of private initiatives promoting inter-cultural understanding and exchange. Chinese film clubs, German-Chinese cultural associations or organizations set up by Chinese students and scholars count among these non-official ventures that present / represent China and the Chinese in the German capital.

All things considered, the Chinese presence in Berlin is still rather limited and it remains to be seen if the global rush to find a temporary or permanent domicile in the city will also include rising numbers of people from China in the years to come.

Friday, August 7, 2015

Who the hell is buying risqué Chinese underwear in Egypt?

Screenshot The New Yorker

































Answer: Lots of people, apparently. This may seem counter-intuitive, given the fact that the majority of Egypt's population is deeply religious, but obviously the charms of alluring underwear are not lost on either gender.

How do I know?

Yesterday, I had the great pleasure to come by Peter Hessler's brand new piece in The New Yorker, entitled 'Learning to Speak Lingerie: Chinese merchants and the inroads of globalization'.

You have heard about Hessler, right?

The author truly has become a household name by now. After volunteering for the Peace Corps as a teacher for English and American literature in a small town in Sichuan province, Hessler subsequently served as The New Yorker's China correspondent from 2000 until 2007.

He has written three books about the country that won him a lot of critical acclaim and prestigious awards, not only in the US but also in China (a lengthy portrait - sorry, paywall - of the writer and his work by Ian Johnson appeared on May 7 in The New York Review of Books).

It is indeed highly unusual that works by foreign journalists are translated and published in the People's Republic. And it is even more uncommon that these texts find an enthusiastic Chinese audience.

Not long ago, there has been a fierce debate about Hessler's decision (and that of other US writers) to publish in mainland China and to this end to consent to some minor changes - a compromise that was interpreted by several colleagues (do I detect a hint of professional jealousy here?) as an unacceptable kowtow to official censorship (for his well-argued and extensive response to these accusations, see here).

Back to the article in question.

In 2011, Hessler moved to the Egyptian capital Cairo where he has lived since. In his reportage from the notoriously conservative Upper Egypt region, he traces the emergence of a whole bunch of small dealers who specialize in selling quite revealing and, some might think, outrageously sexy, lingerie.

On his tour, he also comes across the first plastic-recycling centre in the south that is run by an older Chinese couple, the parents of lingerie traders.

Another stop is at one of the countless economic and trade cooperation zones Chinese investors are so keen to establish all over the world. This one is marred by failure as local labour supply is scarce, culminating in the bizarre choice by the Chinese state-owned company that built the industrial zone to transform it partly into four crude amusement parks in the hope of attracting more visitors / suitable workers.

In his vivid report, the author sheds light on a seriously underestimated side of China's engagement in foreign countries: the important role of individual traders and small-scale private entrepreneurs who often pave the way for larger investments and migration streams. Generally, gigantic investment projects by state-controlled giants dominate the discourse about Chinese economic development ventures abroad.

The article is a small masterpiece in Hessler's trademark style of narrative journalism; the long text is really funny, eye-opening and perceptive.

I might not be inclined to follow all of Hessler's more general views or conclusions vis-à-vis China's trajectory, but I do admit without reservation: Chapeau, this guy can write!

Tuesday, August 4, 2015

china beats presents :: Busy Gang

In the mood for some old school Chinese hip hop? Try this one.

Last year, the crew around Hong Kong-raised rhymer Al Rocco, aptly named Busy Gang, dominated the hip hop genre in Shanghai like no other. Well, the cover of the trio's debut '800 Mixtape (800 捌佰)' sure looks like the wet dream of every original gangsta.

The interesting thing about it is that the three are newcomers to the lively Chinese scene.

Al Rocco had some longer stints in London and Los Angeles before ganging up with Shanghai-born duo Busy Kidz (Koz & Blow Fever). The trio has been touring around Asia since 2013, stealing the show from much bigger international acts and storming to the top of China's online charts in 2014.

Outdated discussions about the appropriation of a genuine black music genre and urban (sub)culture aside, I find the Chinese language extremely fitting for rap & hip hop rhymes. Busy Gang are bilingual, by the way, and effortlessly so.

For more beats, check out the Bandcamp page with links for free download. Also, the latest official video from June 2015 for the track 'Ganja Wang (干架王)', included in the '800 Mixtape', is available here.